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AWWA WQTC71556
- Occurrence of Selected Perfluorochemicals in Surface Waters of Singapore
- Conference Proceeding by American Water Works Association, 11/01/2009
- Publisher: AWWA
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Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are widely found in the water environment. In this study, a total of 19 PFCcompounds were monitored in surface waters collected from different locations in the highly urbanizedMarina Catchment of Singapore. Analysis results showed concentrations of PFCs ranging from sub ng/Lto tens ng/L. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were observed to bethe dominant species among the PFCs. Compounds regularly detected were perfluoroalkanoic acids (C7to C12) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C6 and C8). In particular, intermediate PFCs such asperfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), 2-(N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (NMeFOSAA),and 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) were measured fromundetectable levels to 10 ng/L. In general, the concentrations of PFCs fluctuated with varying conditions of weather and water regime. Includes references, figures.
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