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AWWA WQTC58813
- DBP Formation from Chlorine Dioxide/Chlorine/Chloramine Disinfection
- Conference Proceeding by American Water Works Association, 11/02/2003
- Publisher: AWWA
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In order to comply with the maximum contaminant levels for trihalomethanes (THMs)and haloacetic acids (HAAs), many utilities are utilizing alternative disinfectants, such as chlorinedioxide (ClO<sub>2</sub>) and chloramines (NH<sub>2</sub>Cl). The use of ClO<sub>2</sub> in bench- and demonstration-scaletests was found to produce no THMs or trihalogenated HAAs, or only trace amounts, butit did form low levels of dihalogenated HAAs (DXAAs). In the presence of bromide, brominatedDXAA species formed. Post-chloramination did not stop THM formation in watershigh in total organic carbon and/or bromide. THM formation in the presence of NH<sub>2</sub>Cl was ofthe order of 20 percent of the amount that would have formed in the presence of free chlorine.Because ClO<sub>2</sub> is a strong radical oxidant, it can form oxidation byproducts similar tothose formed by ozone (carboxylic acids, aldoketoacids, aldehydes), but ClO<sub>2</sub> typically formsbyproducts at lower levels (on a weight basis) than ozone. The formation of carboxylic acids,especially oxalate, increased with increasing ClO<sub>2</sub> demand. Secondary byproducts from postdisinfection(e.g., haloacetaldehydes) also formed. Includes 22 references, table, figures.
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